Mother-infant faecal viromes, UK PEARL cohort, longitudinal
77 faecal virome samples from mother-infant dyads in the United Kingdom (PEARL cohort), collected longitudinally from pregnancy through early infancy; no specific health condition or intervention stated. machine-written summary
137 samples · 137 runs · GB · Infant / toddler · 2026 · 17.21 Gbp / sample
Checked this project's papers and archive records yourself? Mark it human-verified.
what each source gave
| ✓ Sequence archive | 1,219 sample values (age, collection date, country, family id, family role, health condition, health condition detail, latitude) |
| ✓ Abstract / description | 197 sample values (location region, location site) |
| – Full text | no open-access full text linked |
| ✓ Supplementary tables | 77 sample values (subject id) |
| – External resources | not covered by the external resources we ingest |
| – User contribution | nothing uploaded yet |
| – Human verified | not yet checked by a person · I checked this project — verify it |
age: sample names and sequence archive disagree for 18 samples (e.g. 608.8 vs 365.2) — withheld.
The sources disagree on 18 samples. Where two incompatible values exist for one sample (or one person's samples disagree on sex), neither value is published: the field is left empty here, in the sample sheet and in the downloads. Both sides, with their sources, are in gut_metadata_contradictions.parquet of the data package (what counts as a contradiction).
Contradicted values (18)
| sample | field | value | other value | handling |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SAMEA123282333 | age | 608.8 (sample names) | 365.2 (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA123282349 | age | 243.5 (sample names) | 0.0 (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA123282358 | age | 608.8 (sample names) | 365.2 (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA123282366 | age | 487.0 (sample names) | 365.2 (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA123282376 | age | 608.8 (sample names) | 365.2 (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA123282378 | age | 121.8 (sample names) | 0.0 (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA123282379 | age | 243.5 (sample names) | 0.0 (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA123282387 | age | 487.0 (sample names) | 365.2 (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA123282388 | age | 608.8 (sample names) | 365.2 (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA123282404 | age | 487.0 (sample names) | 365.2 (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA123282413 | age | 608.8 (sample names) | 365.2 (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA123282423 | age | 243.5 (sample names) | 0.0 (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA123282430 | age | 487.0 (sample names) | 365.2 (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA123282437 | age | 487.0 (sample names) | 365.2 (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA123282438 | age | 608.8 (sample names) | 365.2 (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA123282441 | age | 243.5 (sample names) | 0.0 (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA123282450 | age | 121.8 (sample names) | 0.0 (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA123282459 | age | 487.0 (sample names) | 365.2 (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
longitudinalmother–infant
27 of 30 people sampled more than once (134 samples; median 5, up to 7 per person) · follow-up median 16 mo (max 23 mo) · median interval between samples 4 mo (time from timepoint labels). Schedule stated by the source: “Mothers: 3 trimesters, birth, week1, week3, month4 postpartum. Infants: week3 to month24 (M8,M12,M16,M20,M24).” (time origin: birth); stated follow-up 2.0 y.
Each row is one person (14 shown of 27); dots are samples at days since that person's first sample; rows of one family are adjacent and coloured by role (mother, father, child, twin).
15 mother–infant pairs (PEARL pair Pe0xx); mothers and infants both sampled longitudinally (74 maternal, 63 infant samples) · 15 families with 30 sampled people (15 with a parent and a child).
motherchild · circles are people (pale = no sequenced sample), arrows run donor → recipient and parent → child, curved lines join twins, partners and siblings, squares are shared settings or families without recorded roles. Shown: 15 families. 30 people in the project overall.
Families (15)
No Sandpiper profile for this project's samples yet.
| field | samples | coverage | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| age_category | 129 | 94% | ||||
| country | 137 | 100% | 137 | |||
| health_condition | 30 | 22% | 30 | |||
| subject_id | 137 | 100% | 60 | 77 | ||
| detailed_location | 137 | 100% | ||||
| family_id | 137 | 100% | 137 | |||
| family_role | 137 | 100% | 137 | |||
| location_region | 137 | 100% | 77 | 60 | ||
| location_site | 137 | 100% | 137 | |||
| sex | 137 | 100% | 137 | |||
| timepoint_label | 137 | 100% | 137 | |||
| age_at_collection_days | 106 | 77% | 106 | |||
| collection_date | 77 | 56% | 77 | |||
| latitude | 77 | 56% | 77 | |||
| longitude | 77 | 56% | 77 | |||
| health_condition_detail | 30 | 22% | 30 |
- Preferential sharing of virus populations between mothers and infants in early life 2026 own_data
Archive description
This dataset contains metavirome sequencing data generated from virus-like particle (VLP)-enriched faecal samples collected as part of the Pregnancy and Early Life (PEARL) study, conducted in collaboration with the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital (NNUH). Faecal samples were collected longitudinally from 15 mother-infant dyads, with maternal samples collected across the three trimesters of pregnancy, at birth, and at weeks 1 and 3 and four months postpartum, and infant samples collected from week 3 up to 24 months of age. A total of 137 stool samples were selected for VLP enrichment following the NetoVir protocol, in which VLPs were separated from faecal material by differential centrifugation and sequential filtration through 0.8 μm and 0.45 μm membranes, followed by DNase treatment to remove extracellular DNA. Total nucleic acids were extracted from VLP filtrates using the Qiagen QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit, and RNA was converted to double-stranded cDNA using the Sigma-Aldrich WTA2 Whole Transcriptome Amplification Kit prior to sequencing.
How this project entered the registry
Classified as human gut / stool shotgun DNA metagenome of infant / toddler and adult and neonate by deterministic_rule with confidence 0.85. Assay shotgun_dna.
- host run.scientific_name · “human gut metagenome”
- host study.title · “Infant and Mother faecal”
- body site study.title · “Infant and Mother faecal viromes from the”
- body site study.description · “virus-like particle (VLP)-enriched faecal samples collected as”
- life stage study.title · “Infant and Mother faecal”
- life stage study.description · “the Pregnancy and Early Life (PEARL) study, conducted”
- life stage study.description · “mother-infant dyads, with maternal samples collected across”
- life stage sample.attr.host_age · “0 (n=20/137)”
Evidence examples (one per field × route)
| sample | field | value | route | conf. | source | quote |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SAMEA123282331 | age_at_collection_days | 365.2 | R1 | 0.85 | sample.attr.host_age | 1 |
| SAMEA123282334 | age_at_collection_days | 730.5 | R1 | 0.95 | sample.name_rule:TITLE+study.description | Pe024_B_M24_VirF; infant samples collected from week 3 up to 24 months of age |
| SAMEA123282328 | collection_date | 2019-06-04 | R1 | 0.90 | biosample.attribute:collection_date | 2019-06-04 |
| SAMEA123282327 | country | GB | R1 | 0.90 | sample.attr.geo_loc_name | United Kingdom |
| SAMEA123282327 | family_id | Pe024 | R1 | 0.85 | biosample.attribute:description | Mother sample collected at M4 for PEARL pair Pe024 |
| SAMEA123282327 | family_role | mother | R1 | 0.85 | biosample.attribute:description | Mother sample collected at M4 for PEARL pair Pe024 |
| SAMEA123282327 | health_condition | pregnancy_postpartum | R1 | 0.70 | sample.name_rule:TITLE | Pe024_M_M4_VirF |
| SAMEA123282327 | health_condition_detail | mother sampled during pregnancy / at birth / postpartum (PEARL) | R1 | 0.70 | sample.name_rule:TITLE | Pe024_M_M4_VirF |
| SAMEA123282328 | latitude | 52.6200 | R1 | 0.90 | biosample.attribute:geographic_location_latitude+geographic_location_longitude | 52.62 1.29 |
| SAMEA123282328 | location_region | England | R1 | 0.60 | biosample.attribute:geographic_location_latitude+geographic_location_longitude | 52.62 1.29 |
| SAMEA123282327 | location_region | Norfolk | R4 | 0.40 | ena.study_description | Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital |
| SAMEA123282327 | location_site | Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital | R4 | 0.45 | ena.study_description | Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital (NNUH) |
| SAMEA123282328 | longitude | 1.2900 | R1 | 0.90 | biosample.attribute:geographic_location_latitude+geographic_location_longitude | 52.62 1.29 |
| SAMEA123282327 | sex | female | R1 | 0.90 | sample.attr.host_sex | female |
| SAMEA123282327 | subject_id | Pe024_M | R1 | 0.70 | sample.name_rule:TITLE | Pe024_M_M4_VirF |
| SAMEA123282328 | subject_id | Pe024_M | R2 | 0.80 | archive | |
| SAMEA123282327 | timepoint_label | M4 | R1 | 0.70 | sample.name_rule:TITLE | Pe024_M_M4_VirF |
| SAMEA123282328 | timepoint_label | T2 | R1 | 0.70 | sample.name_rule:description | Mother sample collected at T2 for PEARL pair Pe024 |
| SAMEA123282338 | timepoint_label | B | R1 | 0.85 | biosample.attribute:description | Mother sample collected at B for PEARL pair Pe025 |
Sequencing
137 runs over 137 samples · mean 17.65 Gbp per run (median 17.21 Gbp, total 2,418.34 Gbp; 137 runs with a base count) · layout PAIRED 137 · platform ILLUMINA 137 · models Illumina NovaSeq X Plus (137) · 0% of runs with a Sandpiper profile · first public 2026-08-11
Authors (17)
Krishnamurthy R first · Cook R · Ponsero A · Mijic L · Tiwari S · Talas J · Dyball X · Pye H · Telatin A · Baker D · Philips S · Watt R · Hughes S · Savva G · Hayhoe A · Hall L · Adriaenssens E last
Downloads
PRJEB123118.csv.gz (6.0 KB) · parquet (78.8 KB) — all 137 samples, every field with route and confidence · PRJEB123118_determinations.csv.gz (15.8 KB) — 1,493 evidence rows