Gut microbiome in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, Poland
946 gut microbiome samples from COVID-19 patients hospitalized in Poland, analyzed by shallow and deep shotgun sequencing in a cross-sectional design to study microbiota changes linked to treatment and outcomes. machine-written summary
946 samples · 946 runs · PL · Adult · 2023 · 93.1 Mbp / sample
One study deposited as 2 BioProjects (1,329 catalog samples together): PRJEB64515 · PRJEB91718 · show together
Checked this project's papers and archive records yourself? Mark it human-verified.
what each source gave
| ✓ Sequence archive | 10,026 sample values (age, antibiotic exposure, bmi, collection date, country, health condition, health condition detail, latitude) |
| ○ Abstract / description | read; no usable statement |
| ○ Full text | read; no usable statement or table · PMC11219902, PMC11927397 |
| ○ Supplementary tables | files read; no table could be matched to the samples |
| ✓ External resources | 999 sample values (health condition, health condition detail) · from GMrepo v3 |
| – User contribution | nothing uploaded yet |
| – Human verified | not yet checked by a person · I checked this project — verify it |
antibiotic exposure: two sequence archives disagree for 36 samples (e.g. no vs yes) — withheld.
The sources disagree on 36 samples. Where two incompatible values exist for one sample (or one person's samples disagree on sex), neither value is published: the field is left empty here, in the sample sheet and in the downloads. Both sides, with their sources, are in gut_metadata_contradictions.parquet of the data package (what counts as a contradiction).
Contradicted values (36)
| sample | field | value | other value | handling |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SAMEA114191014 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191015 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191093 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191094 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191095 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191096 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191097 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191157 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191158 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191169 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191170 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191171 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191172 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191173 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191174 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191190 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191218 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191219 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191220 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191278 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191279 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191280 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191281 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191282 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191283 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191447 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191448 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191449 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191450 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191451 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114191452 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114283432 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114283457 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114283458 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114283459 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
| SAMEA114283460 | antibiotic exposure | no (sequence archive) | yes (sequence archive) | withheld: neither value published |
longitudinal
243 of 359 people sampled more than once (830 samples; median 3, up to 6 per person) · follow-up median 5 d (max 12 mo) · median interval between samples 2 d (time from collection dates). Schedule stated by the source: “On average 4 samples (max 6) per subject, collected within an average of 8 days (max 70) per subject” (time origin: admission); stated follow-up 2 mo.
Each row is one person (36 shown of 243); dots are samples at days since that person's first sample.
No Sandpiper profile for this project's samples yet.
| field | samples | coverage | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| age_category | 650 | 69% | ||||
| country | 946 | 100% | 946 | |||
| health_condition | 946 | 100% | 446 | 500 | ||
| subject_id | 946 | 100% | 946 | |||
| collection_date | 946 | 100% | 946 | |||
| detailed_location | 946 | 100% | ||||
| health_condition_detail | 946 | 100% | 447 | 499 | ||
| latitude | 946 | 100% | 946 | |||
| location_region | 946 | 100% | 946 | |||
| longitude | 946 | 100% | 946 | |||
| antibiotic_exposure | 699 | 74% | 699 | |||
| age_at_collection_days | 650 | 69% | 650 | |||
| sex | 650 | 69% | 650 | |||
| bmi | 558 | 59% | 558 | |||
| medication | 419 | 44% | 419 | |||
| smoking_status | 412 | 44% | 412 | |||
| location_site | 69 | 7% | 69 |
- Gut microbiome dynamics and predictive value in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a comparative analysis of shallow and deep shotgun sequencing. 2024 PMID 38962119 PMC11219902 unsure
- Healthy microbiome-moving towards functional interpretation. 2025 PMID 40117176 PMC11927397 unsure
Archive description
The gut microbiome has been recognized as a key player in various disease conditions, including COVID-19. In this study, we conducted an extensive gut microbiome analysis in 204 COVID-19 patients hospitalized in two large hospitals in Poland. By employing both shallow and deep shotgun sequencing methods, we aimed to track the changes in microbiota composition induced by hospitalization and COVID-19 treatment. We investigated the associations between microbiome alterations and clinical procedures, such as antibiotics administration, and outcomes, including ICU referral and survival. Notably, our study included a larger cohort than previously published works, allowing for robust conclusions. Leveraging machine learning techniques, we explored the microbiome's predictive potential for COVID-19 prognosis and assessed its performance compared to traditional baseline classifiers (sex, age, BMI). Additionally, we evaluated the feasibility of shallow shotgun sequencing as a cost-effective alternative for diagnostic use in clinical settings. Our findings provide valuable insights into the gut microbiome's role in COVID-19 patients and its potential as a predictive tool for patient outcomes.
How this project entered the registry
Classified as human gut / stool shotgun DNA metagenome of adult and elderly by deterministic_prior with confidence 0.90. Assay shotgun_dna.
- host external_curation.infant_catalog · “infant triage reason_code age_adult_only”
- body site study.title · “Gut Microbiome Dynamics and”
- body site study.description · “The gut microbiome has been”
- life stage external_curation.infant_catalog · “infant triage reason_code age_adult_only”
- life stage sample.attr.host_age · “70 (n=254/946)”
Evidence examples (one per field × route)
| sample | field | value | route | conf. | source | quote |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SAMEA114190907 | age_at_collection_days | 9496.5 | R1 | 0.85 | sample.attr.host_age | 26 |
| SAMEA114190907 | antibiotic_exposure | yes | R1 | 0.90 | biosample_attr | yes |
| SAMEA114190907 | bmi | 32.4 | R1 | 0.90 | sample.attr.host_body_mass_index | 32.4 |
| SAMEA114190907 | collection_date | 2020-05-16 | R1 | 0.90 | biosample.attribute:collection_date | 2020-05-16 |
| SAMEA114190907 | country | PL | R1 | 0.90 | sample.attr.geographic_location_country_and_or_sea | Poland |
| SAMEA114190907 | health_condition | other_infection | R1 | 0.85 | biosample.attribute:subject_type | subject_type: patient (case) |
| SAMEA114190909 | health_condition | other_disease | R1 | 0.50 | biosample_attr | yes |
| SAMEA114190912 | health_condition | other_infection | R2 | 0.75 | external.gmrepo source | phenotype: COVID-19 |
| SAMEA114190907 | health_condition_detail | no | R1 | 0.90 | sample.attr.diabetes_type | no |
| SAMEA114283431 | health_condition_detail | COVID-19 (hospitalised patient, case) | R1 | 0.85 | biosample.attribute:subject_type | subject_type: patient (case) |
| SAMEA114190912 | health_condition_detail | COVID-19 | R2 | 0.75 | external.gmrepo source | phenotype: COVID-19 |
| SAMEA114190907 | latitude | 52.2400 | R1 | 0.90 | biosample.attribute:geographic_location_latitude+geographic_location_longitude | 52.24 21.02 |
| SAMEA114190907 | location_region | Masovian Voivodeship | R1 | 0.60 | biosample.attribute:geographic_location_latitude+geographic_location_longitude | 52.24 21.02 |
| SAMEA114190941 | location_site | PUM | R1 | 0.85 | biosample.attribute:hospital | PUM |
| SAMEA114190907 | longitude | 21.0200 | R1 | 0.90 | biosample.attribute:geographic_location_latitude+geographic_location_longitude | 52.24 21.02 |
| SAMEA114190907 | medication | none_reported | R1 | 0.85 | biosample.attribute:other_medications | other_medications: no |
| SAMEA114190907 | sex | female | R1 | 0.90 | sample.attr.host_sex | female |
| SAMEA114190907 | smoking_status | never | R1 | 0.80 | biosample.attribute:smoker | no |
| SAMEA114190909 | smoking_status | never | R1 | 0.90 | biosample.attribute:smoking_frequency | never |
| SAMEA114190907 | subject_id | 1 | R1 | 0.85 | sample.attr.host_subject_id | 1 |
Sequencing
946 runs over 946 samples · mean 96.1 Mbp per run (median 93.1 Mbp, total 90.88 Gbp; 946 runs with a base count) · layout PAIRED 946 · platform ILLUMINA 946 · models Illumina MiSeq (946) · 0% of runs with a Sandpiper profile · first public 2023-09-29
Authors (23)
Kopera K first · Gromowski T · Wydmański W · Skonieczna-Żydecka K · Muszyńska A · Zielińska K · Wierzbicka-Woś A · Kaczmarczyk M · Kadaj-Lipka R · Cembrowska-Lech D · Januszkiewicz K · Kotfis K · Witkiewicz W · Nalewajska M · Feret W · Marlicz W · Łoniewski I · Łabaj PP · Rydzewska G · Kosciolek T last · Udekwu KI · Rudnicki W · Frolova A
Downloads
PRJEB64515.csv.gz (28.8 KB) · parquet (115.6 KB) — all 946 samples, every field with route and confidence · PRJEB64515_determinations.csv.gz (84.4 KB) — 11,025 evidence rows