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PRJEB64515 ERP149692

Gut microbiome in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, Poland

Gut Microbiome Dynamics and Predictive Value in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Comparative Analysis of Shallow and Deep Shotgun Sequencing

946 gut microbiome samples from COVID-19 patients hospitalized in Poland, analyzed by shallow and deep shotgun sequencing in a cross-sectional design to study microbiota changes linked to treatment and outcomes. machine-written summary

946 samples · 946 runs · PL · Adult · 2023 · 93.1 Mbp / sample

One study deposited as 2 BioProjects (1,329 catalog samples together): PRJEB64515 · PRJEB91718 · show together

Sources
✓Sequence archive 10,026○Abstract / description○Full text○Supplementary tables✓External resources 999–User contribution–Human verified

Checked this project's papers and archive records yourself? Mark it human-verified.

what each source gave
✓ Sequence archive10,026 sample values (age, antibiotic exposure, bmi, collection date, country, health condition, health condition detail, latitude)
○ Abstract / descriptionread; no usable statement
○ Full textread; no usable statement or table · PMC11219902, PMC11927397
○ Supplementary tablesfiles read; no table could be matched to the samples
✓ External resources999 sample values (health condition, health condition detail) · from GMrepo v3
– User contributionnothing uploaded yet
– Human verifiednot yet checked by a person · I checked this project — verify it
Samples at a glance
1 sampling locations · 1 country
Age
adult351
unknown296
elderly292
adolescent6
child1
Condition
other_infection574
other_disease206
type2_diabetes95
other_cancer64
colorectal_cancer6
type1_diabetes1
Sex
male412
female238
Country
PL946
Body site
primary946
Collected 2020–2022
2020: 287 samples2021: 454 samples2022: 205 samples20202022
Sequencing depth per sample · this project all projects
all projects, 0–0.03 Gbp: 25,080 samples (4 %)this project, 0–0.03 Gbp: 2 samplesall projects, 0.03–0.1 Gbp: 17,066 samples (3 %)this project, 0.03–0.1 Gbp: 573 samplesall projects, 0.1–0.3 Gbp: 29,179 samples (5 %)this project, 0.1–0.3 Gbp: 370 samplesall projects, 0.3–1 Gbp: 47,044 samples (8 %)this project, 0.3–1 Gbp: 1 samplesall projects, 1–3 Gbp: 124,983 samples (22 %)all projects, 3–10 Gbp: 253,728 samples (44 %)all projects, 10–30 Gbp: 72,533 samples (13 %)all projects, 30–100 Gbp: 3,024 samples (1 %)all projects, 100–300 Gbp: 106 samples (0 %)all projects, ≥ 300 Gbp: 9 samples (0 %)project median 0.09 Gbp per sample0130Gbp
! Self-contradictory metadata

antibiotic exposure: two sequence archives disagree for 36 samples (e.g. no vs yes) — withheld.

The sources disagree on 36 samples. Where two incompatible values exist for one sample (or one person's samples disagree on sex), neither value is published: the field is left empty here, in the sample sheet and in the downloads. Both sides, with their sources, are in gut_metadata_contradictions.parquet of the data package (what counts as a contradiction).

Contradicted values (36)
samplefieldvalueother valuehandling
SAMEA114191014antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191015antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191093antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191094antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191095antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191096antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191097antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191157antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191158antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191169antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191170antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191171antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191172antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191173antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191174antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191190antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191218antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191219antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191220antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191278antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191279antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191280antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191281antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191282antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191283antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191447antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191448antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191449antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191450antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191451antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114191452antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114283432antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114283457antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114283458antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114283459antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
SAMEA114283460antibiotic exposureno (sequence archive)yes (sequence archive)withheld: neither value published
Sampling design and relatedness

longitudinal

243 of 359 people sampled more than once (830 samples; median 3, up to 6 per person) · follow-up median 5 d (max 12 mo) · median interval between samples 2 d (time from collection dates). Schedule stated by the source: “On average 4 samples (max 6) per subject, collected within an average of 8 days (max 70) per subject” (time origin: admission); stated follow-up 2 mo.

126126: day 0126: day 2126: day 5126: day 7126: day 9126: day 13132132: day 0132: day 2132: day 4132: day 5132: day 9132: day 11142142: day 0142: day 2142: day 3142: day 5142: day 6142: day 7171171: day 0171: day 2171: day 3171: day 4171: day 5171: day 6180180: day 0180: day 3180: day 5180: day 7180: day 8180: day 9182182: day 0182: day 2182: day 4182: day 6182: day 8182: day 9185185: day 0185: day 4185: day 7185: day 9185: day 11185: day 12188188: day 0188: day 1188: day 10188: day 13188: day 16188: day 17192192: day 0192: day 1192: day 3192: day 4192: day 5192: day 6195195: day 0195: day 1195: day 2195: day 3195: day 5195: day 6196196: day 0196: day 4196: day 15196: day 18196: day 23196: day 25201201: day 0201: day 2201: day 3201: day 5201: day 17201: day 24218218: day 0218: day 6218: day 11218: day 23218: day 27218: day 30223223: day 0223: day 1223: day 5223: day 19223: day 21223: day 26250250: day 0250: day 23250: day 26250: day 28250: day 30250: day 32263263: day 0263: day 1263: day 3263: day 5263: day 6263: day 8265265: day 0265: day 1265: day 2265: day 4265: day 6265: day 8269269: day 0269: day 40269: day 43269: day 56269: day 58269: day 67271271: day 0271: day 1271: day 2271: day 3271: day 12271: day 17276276: day 0276: day 5276: day 10276: day 15276: day 17276: day 18287287: day 0287: day 8287: day 9287: day 10287: day 11287: day 15292292: day 0292: day 2292: day 3292: day 8292: day 9292: day 10296296: day 0296: day 1296: day 3296: day 6296: day 7296: day 9300300: day 0300: day 2300: day 4300: day 7300: day 12300: day 13309309: day 0309: day 1309: day 4309: day 6309: day 7309: day 1844: day 04: day 34: day 74: day 114: day 164: day 224p4p: day 04p: day 24p: day 34p: day 54p: day 94p: day 1155: day 05: day 95: day 125: day 185: day 225: day 235656: day 056: day 256: day 556: day 756: day 956: day 1166: day 06: day 56: day 106: day 146: day 186: day 206161: day 061: day 461: day 761: day 1061: day 1261: day 146363: day 063: day 263: day 663: day 963: day 1163: day 137070: day 070: day 2070: day 2770: day 3070: day 3270: day 397777: day 077: day 277: day 377: day 577: day 677: day 88181: day 081: day 481: day 581: day 781: day 1481: day 168282: day 082: day 282: day 382: day 682: day 882: day 90 d17 d34 d50 d2 mo

Each row is one person (36 shown of 243); dots are samples at days since that person's first sample.

How longitudinal and relatedness information is derived

Community composition

No Sandpiper profile for this project's samples yet.

Field coverage
fieldsamplescoverageR1R2R3R4
age_category650 69%
country946 100%946
health_condition946 100%446500
subject_id946 100%946
collection_date946 100%946
detailed_location946 100%
health_condition_detail946 100%447499
latitude946 100%946
location_region946 100%946
longitude946 100%946
antibiotic_exposure699 74%699
age_at_collection_days650 69%650
sex650 69%650
bmi558 59%558
medication419 44%419
smoking_status412 44%412
location_site69 7%69
Papers (2)
  • Gut microbiome dynamics and predictive value in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a comparative analysis of shallow and deep shotgun sequencing. 2024 PMID 38962119 PMC11219902 unsure
  • Healthy microbiome-moving towards functional interpretation. 2025 PMID 40117176 PMC11927397 unsure
Details
Archive description

The gut microbiome has been recognized as a key player in various disease conditions, including COVID-19. In this study, we conducted an extensive gut microbiome analysis in 204 COVID-19 patients hospitalized in two large hospitals in Poland. By employing both shallow and deep shotgun sequencing methods, we aimed to track the changes in microbiota composition induced by hospitalization and COVID-19 treatment. We investigated the associations between microbiome alterations and clinical procedures, such as antibiotics administration, and outcomes, including ICU referral and survival. Notably, our study included a larger cohort than previously published works, allowing for robust conclusions. Leveraging machine learning techniques, we explored the microbiome's predictive potential for COVID-19 prognosis and assessed its performance compared to traditional baseline classifiers (sex, age, BMI). Additionally, we evaluated the feasibility of shallow shotgun sequencing as a cost-effective alternative for diagnostic use in clinical settings. Our findings provide valuable insights into the gut microbiome's role in COVID-19 patients and its potential as a predictive tool for patient outcomes.

How this project entered the registry

Classified as human gut / stool shotgun DNA metagenome of adult and elderly by deterministic_prior with confidence 0.90. Assay shotgun_dna.

  • host external_curation.infant_catalog · “infant triage reason_code age_adult_only”
  • body site study.title · “Gut Microbiome Dynamics and”
  • body site study.description · “The gut microbiome has been”
  • life stage external_curation.infant_catalog · “infant triage reason_code age_adult_only”
  • life stage sample.attr.host_age · “70 (n=254/946)”
Evidence examples (one per field × route)
samplefieldvaluerouteconf.sourcequote
SAMEA114190907age_at_collection_days9496.5R10.85sample.attr.host_age26
SAMEA114190907antibiotic_exposureyesR10.90biosample_attryes
SAMEA114190907bmi32.4R10.90sample.attr.host_body_mass_index32.4
SAMEA114190907collection_date2020-05-16R10.90biosample.attribute:collection_date2020-05-16
SAMEA114190907countryPLR10.90sample.attr.geographic_location_country_and_or_seaPoland
SAMEA114190907health_conditionother_infectionR10.85biosample.attribute:subject_typesubject_type: patient (case)
SAMEA114190909health_conditionother_diseaseR10.50biosample_attryes
SAMEA114190912health_conditionother_infectionR20.75external.gmrepo sourcephenotype: COVID-19
SAMEA114190907health_condition_detailnoR10.90sample.attr.diabetes_typeno
SAMEA114283431health_condition_detailCOVID-19 (hospitalised patient, case)R10.85biosample.attribute:subject_typesubject_type: patient (case)
SAMEA114190912health_condition_detailCOVID-19R20.75external.gmrepo sourcephenotype: COVID-19
SAMEA114190907latitude52.2400R10.90biosample.attribute:geographic_location_latitude+geographic_location_longitude52.24 21.02
SAMEA114190907location_regionMasovian VoivodeshipR10.60biosample.attribute:geographic_location_latitude+geographic_location_longitude52.24 21.02
SAMEA114190941location_sitePUMR10.85biosample.attribute:hospitalPUM
SAMEA114190907longitude21.0200R10.90biosample.attribute:geographic_location_latitude+geographic_location_longitude52.24 21.02
SAMEA114190907medicationnone_reportedR10.85biosample.attribute:other_medicationsother_medications: no
SAMEA114190907sexfemaleR10.90sample.attr.host_sexfemale
SAMEA114190907smoking_statusneverR10.80biosample.attribute:smokerno
SAMEA114190909smoking_statusneverR10.90biosample.attribute:smoking_frequencynever
SAMEA114190907subject_id1R10.85sample.attr.host_subject_id1
Sequencing

946 runs over 946 samples · mean 96.1 Mbp per run (median 93.1 Mbp, total 90.88 Gbp; 946 runs with a base count) · layout PAIRED 946 · platform ILLUMINA 946 · models Illumina MiSeq (946) · 0% of runs with a Sandpiper profile · first public 2023-09-29

Authors (23)

Kopera K first · Gromowski T · Wydmański W · Skonieczna-Żydecka K · Muszyńska A · Zielińska K · Wierzbicka-Woś A · Kaczmarczyk M · Kadaj-Lipka R · Cembrowska-Lech D · Januszkiewicz K · Kotfis K · Witkiewicz W · Nalewajska M · Feret W · Marlicz W · Łoniewski I · Łabaj PP · Rydzewska G · Kosciolek T last · Udekwu KI · Rudnicki W · Frolova A

Downloads

PRJEB64515.csv.gz (28.8 KB) · parquet (115.6 KB) — all 946 samples, every field with route and confidence · PRJEB64515_determinations.csv.gz (84.4 KB) — 11,025 evidence rows

Samples (946 · every field this project has values for · hover a cell for its source)
Loading the sample table…